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For the 2005 documentary film by Marc Levin, see Protocols of Zion (film)
's portrayal of Baphomet image
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (, see also
#Title) is an
antisemitic plagiarism and literary forgery first published in
1903 in
Russian language, in
Znamya (newspaper); it alleges a
Jewish and Freemasonryic Conspiracy (political) to achieve world domination.
It is one of the best known and discussed examples of literary forgery, and a hoax . It was published again in
1905 as a final chapter 12 by Serge Nilus in the second edition of his semiautographical
book, Velikoe v malom, a text about the coming of the Antichrist.
"The Protocols" (the briefest title by which the text is known) is widely considered to be the beginning of contemporary conspiracy theory literature,Svetlana Boym, "Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and The Protocols of Zion":
Comparative Literature, Spring 1999. and takes the form of a speech describing how to dominate the world, the need to control the media, finance, replace traditional social order, etc.
The text was popularized by those opposed to Russian revolutionary movement, and was disseminated further after the
Russian Revolution of 1905, becoming known worldwide after the 1917 October Revolution. It was widely circulated in the
Western world in 1920 and thereafter. The
Great Depression and the rise of Nazism were important developments in the history of the
Protocols, and the hoax continued to be published and circulated despite its debunking.
Title
The text is alternatively known in English as
Protocols of the wise men of Zion,
Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion,
Protocols of the meetings of the learned elders of Zion,
Protocols of the Meetings of the Zionist Men of Wisdom,
Protocols of the Sages of Zion,
Protocols of Zion,
The Jewish Peril,
The Protocols and World Revolution, and
Praemonitus Praemunitus. The variation in title derives partly from the fact that the book has two titles in Russian - (
Sionskiye protokoly, lit. "Protocols of Zion") and (
Protokoly sionskih mudretsov, lit. "Protocols of the Sages of Zion") - and partly due to the different translations of the Russian word (
mudrets, a wise man or a sage).
The variation in title also derives from the fact that various (often anonymous) compilers or editors give it a different main title (as distinct from a subtitle), as well as the interest of these to advertise or suit their particular antisemitic agenda, and the fact that the text, which consists roughly of no more than 2 or 3 dozen paragraphs is only sufficient for a pamphlet, and it becomes a book by expansion with prefaces, introductions, addenda, etc.
For example, the first American English language edition, published in Boston, Massachusetts in 1920 by Small, Maynard & Company, has the following full title:
The Protocols and World Revolution Including a Translation and Analysis of the "Protocols of the Meetings of the Zionist Men of Wisdom". Only pages 11 through 73 contain the so-called
Protocols. The word "
Zion" in this edition has not been used; rather, the word "Zionist" is used. This contrasts to a similar practice of the prior Russian editions. For example, in 1905 Sergei Nilus's book on the imminent arrival of the
anti-Christ The Big within the Small, the
Protocols constituted the final twelfth chapter.
Origins and content
Maurice Joly
Elements of the text in the
Protocols have been conclusively established as plagiarize from the 1864 book,
The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu (
Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu), written by the French satirist Maurice Joly. Joly's work attacks the political ambitions of Napoleon III using Machiavelli as a diabolical plotter in Hell as a stand-in for Napoleon's views. Joly himself appears to have borrowed material from a popular novel by
Eugène Sue,
The Mysteries of the People, in which the plotters were Society of Jesus. Jews do not appear in either work. Since it was illegal to criticize the monarchy, Joly had the pamphlet printed in Belgium, then tried to smuggle it back into France. The police confiscated as many copies as they could, and it was banned. After it was traced to Joly, he was tried on April 25,
1865, and sentenced to fifteen months in prison. Joly committed suicide in 1878.
Hermann Goedsche
Hermann Goedsche's 1868 novel,
Biarritz (in English as
To Sedan) contributed another idea that may have inspired the scribe behind the Protocols. In the chapter, “The Jewish Cemetery in Prague and the Council of Representatives of the Twelve Tribes of Israel”, Goedsche wrote about a nocturnal meeting between members of a mysterious rabbinical
cabal, describing how at midnight, the Devil appears before those who have gathered on behalf of the Twelve Tribes of Israel to plan a “Jewish conspiracy”. His depiction is also similar to the scene in Alexandre Dumas, père's
Joseph Balsamo, where
Cagliostro and company plot the
affair of the diamond necklace. With
Biarritz appearing at about the same time as
The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, it is possible that Goedsche was inspired by the ideas in Joly's pamphlet, especially in detailing the outcome of the cabal's secret meeting.This material was originally exposed by Philip Graves in “The Source of
The Protocols of Zion” published in
The Times,
16 August, 17 August, and 18 August 1921, and the exposure has since been expanded in many sources.
Goedsche, a reactionary to the
revolutions of 1848, lost his job in the
Kingdom of Prussia postal service after forging evidence to implicate democratic leader Benedict Waldeck of conspiring against the king. Following his dismissal, Goedsche began a career as a monarchist columnist, while also producing literary work under the pen name
Sir John Retcliffe.Norman Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elder of Zion (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1966) 32–36. Goedsche was allegedly a spy for the
Kingdom of Prussia Secret Police.
In 1871, the story was being presented in France as serious history. In 1872, the “The Jewish Cemetery in Prague”, translated into Russian, appeared in St. Petersburg as a separate pamphlet of purported non-fiction. François Bournand, in his
Les Juifs et nos contemporains (1896), reproduced a speech from the chapter as that of a Chief Rabbi “John Readclif” .
Structure and themes
The twenty-four Protocols are posited as instructions to a new Elder, outlining how the group will control the world. The Elders want to trick all "gentile nations", whom they call "goyim", into doing their will. Their preferred methods include:
{], Annihilation of the privileges of the non-Jewish aristocracy, among other topics.|-| 2, 9, 12| The propagation of ideas of all possible complexions with the task of undermining established forms of order, including Darwinism,
Marxism,
Friedrich Nietzsche, Liberalism,
Socialism, Communism,
Anarchism, and
Utopianism|-| 5| [World governments|-| 10| Staging catastrophes against one's own people, then claiming a moral high ground for leverage|-| 11| [Universal suffrage with the excuse of defeating the enemies of peace|-| 13| Creating the impression of the existence of [freedom of press,
freedom of speech, democracy and human rights, all of which are subsequently undermined and become mere illusions or deceptive smokescreens behind which actual oppression lies]|-| 16| The destruction of Christianity, other religions and cultures, followed by a transitional stage of
atheism, followed finally by the hegemony of Judaism]|-| 21|
Economic depressions], creating national
bankruptcy, destroying
Money Markets and replacing them with government credit institutions]|-|25| Training of the king, direct heirs, irreproachability of exterior morality of the King of the Jews|}
Control of the media and finance would replace the traditional sources of social order with one based on mass manipulation and state engineered propaganda, where powerful elites and institutions conspire to conceal unpalatable truths from the masses. In these respects, the Protocols draws on long-standing criticisms of modernity, Extremism and
capitalism, but presents them as part of an orchestrated plot, rather than as a product of impersonal historical processes.
The text assumes that the reader already believes that the
Freemasons are a secret society with a hidden political agenda, and the
Protocols purports to demonstrate that this hidden agenda is itself controlled or guided by the 'Elders', a sort of conspiracy theory within a conspiracy theory. In the
Protocols, Freemasons and "liberal thinkers" are shown to be mere tools that the Elders will eventually replace with a Jewish
theocracy. The
Protocols describes a forthcoming "kingdom" and goes into great lengths about how it will be run. Yet even in this kingdom the Elders will avoid direct political control, preferring to assert themselves via
usury and manipulation of money. Even the "King of the Jews" himself will be nothing more than a
Figurehead (metaphor).
Comparison to the
Dialogues
The
Protocols 1–19 closely follow the order of
The Dialogues in Hell 1–17, with a few exceptions. In some places,
plagiarism is incontrovertible:{] deity,
Vishnu, which appears exactly twice in both the
Dialogues in Hell and the
Protocols:{]ic citations that would be expected in it, textual references to the "
King of the Jews", the semi-messianic idea that carries strong connotations of
Jesus, further suggest the author was not well-versed in Jewish culture, as this term has been avoided in the Judaic tradition since the
Schisms among the Jews#Break-offs: Samaritans and Christians between Judaism and
Christianity.See INRI,
Jewish Messiah,
Judaism's view of Jesus.
Once
Philip Graves'
Times article showed the extent of the similarity between the two texts, it became clear that the
Protocols was not an authentic document.
Conspiracy references
The idea that the Freemasons formed part of an anti-Christian conspiracy, either separate from or in association with Jews, long predated the spreading of The Protocols. In the late 18th-early 19th centuries, Freemasonry was popular (as were many
fraternal organizations), and its most significant opponent, the Roman Catholicism, opposed its open support for freedom of religion and age of Enlightenment.
After some interaction with masons, a Scottish natural philosopher John Robison (Scotland) became an enthusiastic conspiracy theorist and expanded on his impressions in his
1797 pamphlet
Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe, carried on in the secret meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies. He did not take into account that French masons were members of several mutually hostile factions and that many of them were executed by their rivals. Robison's work does not mention Jews.
Jesuit catholic priest Augustin Barruél had some contact with Robison, but extended the notion to include Jews. He had accused the Jews of founding the
Illuminati#The Bavarian Illuminati.
According to Daniel Pipes,"The great importance of the
Protocols lies in its permitting antisemites to reach beyond their traditional circles and find a large international audience, a process that continues to this day. The forgery poisoned public life wherever it appeared; it was "self-generating; a blueprint that migrated from one conspiracy to another."
Umberto Eco,
Foucault's Pendulum (London: Picador, 1990), p.490 The book's vagueness — almost no names, dates, or issues are specified — has been one key to this wide-ranging success. The purportedly Jewish authorship also helps to make the book more convincing. Its embrace of contradiction — that to advance, Jews use all tools available, including capitalism and communism, philo-Semitism and antisemitism, democracy and tyranny — made it possible for the Protocols
to reach out to all: rich and poor, Right and Left, Christian and Muslim, American and Japanese."Daniel Pipes (1997): Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From
(The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.85. ISBN 0-684-83131-7Pipes notes that the Protocols
emphasizes recurring themes of conspiratorial antisemitism: "Jews always scheme", "Jews are everywhere", "Jews are behind every institution", "Jews obey a central authority, the shadowy 'Elders'", and "Jews are close to success."Daniel Pipes (1997): Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From
(The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.86–87. ISBN 0-684-83131-7The Protocols is widely considered influential in the development of other conspiracy theories, and reappears repeatedly in contemporary conspiracy literature, such as Jim Marrs's
Rule by Secrecy. Some recent editions proclaim that the "Jews" depicted in the Protocols are a cover identity for other conspirators such as the
Illuminati,
Freemasons, the
Priory of Sion, or even, in the opinion of
David Icke, "extra-dimensional entities." Other groups that believe in the authenticity of the Protocols have claimed that the book does not depict the way that Jews think and act, but only those belonging to an alleged secret elite group of
Zionism, and that the "Elders" were not Rabbis, but secular Zionist leaders.
Historical publications, usage, and investigations
Emergence in Russia
The chapter "In the Jewish Cemetery in Prague" from Goedsche's
Biarritz, with its strong anti-semitic theme containing the alleged rabbinical plot against the European civilization, was translated into Russian language as a separate pamphlet in 1872.Segel, Binjamin W.
A Lie and a Libel: The History of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (translated and edited by Richard S. Levy),p. 97 (1996, originally published in 1926), University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9245-7.
In 1921 Princess Catherine Radziwill gave a private lecture in New York. She claimed that Protocols were compiled in 1904-1905 by Russian journalists
Matvei Golovinski and Manasevich-Manuilov at the direction of Pyotr Rachkovsky, Chief of the Russian secret service in Paris PRINCESS RADZIWILL QUIZZED AT LECTURE. Golovinski worked together with Charles Joly (son of Maurice Joly) at
Le Figaro in Paris. This account, however, contradicts basic chronology of Protocols publication, as they were already published in 1903 in Znamya (newspaper). Catherine Radziwill was previously convicted of forging Cecil Rhodes signature on a promissory note. She also authored numerous gossip and propaganda books. In 1935 Catherine Radziwill repeated her statement as a witness at the
Berne Trial.
In 1944 German writer Konrad Heiden identified Golovinski as an author of the
Protocols. Forging Protocols by Charles Paul Freund.
Reason Magazine, February 2000
Catherine Radziwill account was supported by Russian historian
Mikhail Lepekhine, who published his findings in November 1999 in the French newsweekly
L'Express (France). Éric Conan. Les secrets d'une manipulation antisémite L’Express, 16/11/1999.. Lepekhine considers the
Protocols a part of a scheme to persuade
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia that the modernization of Russia was really a Jewish plot to control the world.
A
Ukrainians scholar
Vadim Skuratovsky offers extensive literary, historical and linguistic analysis of the original text of the
Protocols and traces the influences of
Fyodor Dostoyevsky's prose (in particular,
The Grand Inquisitor and
The Possessed (novel)) on Golovinski's writings, including the Protocols.Vadim Skuratovsky:
The Question of the Authorship of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion". (Judaica Institute, Kiev, 2001) ISBN 966-7273-12-1
Italian scholar Cesare G. De Michelis in his book
The Non-Existent Manuscript studies early Russian publications of the
Protocols.
The
Protocols were first mentioned in the Russian press on April 1902, by the Saint Petersburg newspaper,
Novoye Vremya ( -
The New Times). The article was written by a famous conservative publicist Mikhail Menshikov as a part of his regular series "Letters to Neighbors" () and was entitled "Plots against Humanity." The author described his meeting with a lady (Yuliana Glinka, as it is known now) who, after telling him about her mystical revelations, implored him to get familiar with the documents later known as the
Protocols; but after reading some excerpts Menshikov became quite skeptical about their origin and did not publish them. T. Karasova and D. Chernyakhovsky. Afterword to the Russian translation of Norman Cohn's
Warrant for Genocide
First printing and Nilus editions
The
Protocols are claimed to have been published at the earliest, in serialized form, from
August 28 to September 7 (Old Style) 1903, in
Znamya (newspaper) ( -
The Banner), a Saint Petersburg daily newspaper, under
Pavel Krushevan. Krushevan had initiated the Kishinev pogrom four months earlier.
The Fraud of a Century, or a book born in hell, by Valery Kadzhaya (Retrieved Sept 2005)
The
Protocols enjoyed another wave of popularity in Russia after 1905, when
Russian Revolution of 1905 in Russia succeeded in creating a
constitution and a parliament, the Duma. The reactionary Union of the Russian People, known as the Black Hundreds, together with the
Okhranka, the Tsarist secret police, blamed this liberalization on the "International Jewish conspiracy," and began a program of disseminating the
Protocols as propaganda to support the wave of pogroms that swept Russia in 1903–1906 and as a tool to deflect attention from social activism. It also was of interest to Tsar
Nicholas II of Russia, who was fearful of modernization and protective of his monarchy, and he presented the growing revolutionary movement as part of a powerful world conspiracy and blamed the Jews for Russia's problems. symbols read: "Thus we shall win", "Mark of "antichrist", "
Tetragrammaton", "INRI", "
Tarot", "Great mystery"
In 1905, self-proclaimed mysticism
priest Sergei Nilus gained fame by publishing the full text of the
Protocols in
Chapter XII, the final chapter (pages 305–417), of the second edition (or third, according to some sources) of his book,
Velikoe v malom i antikhrist, which translates as "The Great within the Small: The Coming of the Anti-Christ and the Rule of Satan on Earth". He claimed it was the work of the
First Zionist Congress, held in 1897 in Basel, Switzerland. When it was pointed out that the First Zionist Congress had been open to the public and was attended by many non-Jews, Nilus changed his story, saying the Protocols were the work of the 1902–1903 meetings of the Elders, but contradicting his own prior statement that he had received his copy in 1901:
In 1901, I succeeded through an acquaintance of mine (the late Court Marshal Alexei Nikolayevich Sukotin of Chernigov) in getting a manuscript that exposed with unusual perfection and clarity the course and development of the secret Jewish Freemasonic conspiracy, which would bring this wicked world to its inevitable end. The person who gave me this manuscript guaranteed it to be a faithful translation of the original documents that were stolen by a woman from one of the highest and most influential leaders of the Freemasons at a secret meeting somewhere in France—the beloved nest of Freemasonic conspiracy.Morris Kominsky,
The Hoaxers, 1970. p. 209 ISBN 0-8283-1288-5
Nilus also may have had personal motivations for publishing them. Some have alleged that at this time he was trying to gain influence with the Royal Family. This was, it is claimed, part of a faction fight against
Papus and Nizier Anthelme Philippe at the Tsarist court (Indeed, Papus was accused in 1920 of having forged the
Protocols to discredit Philippe).
Stolypin's fraud investigation, 1905
A subsequent secret investigation ordered by the newly appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers
Pyotr Stolypin came to conclusion that the
Protocols first appeared in
Paris in antisemitic circles around 1897–1898. P. Stolypin's attempt to resolve the Jewish question by Boris Fyodorov Even though he himself was anti-Semitic, when Nicholas II learned of the results of this investigation, he requested: "The Protocols should be confiscated, a
good cause cannot be defended by dirty means." The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Proved Forgery by Vladimir Burtsev (Paris, 1938) p.106 (Ch.4) Despite the order, or because of the "good cause", numerous reprints proliferated.
The Russian Revolution and the spread of the Protocols, 1920s
After the
Russian Revolution of 1917, factions connected to the
White movement used the
Protocols to perpetrate hatred and violence against the Jews. The idea that the Bolshevik movement was a Jewish conspiracy for
world domination, plus the fact that some top Bolsheviks, particularly
Leon Trotsky, were indeed Jews, sparked worldwide interest in the
Protocols.
German language publications
The first and "by far the most important"
Daniel Pipes (1997):
Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.94. ISBN 0-684-83131-7
German language translation was by Gottfried Zur Beck (pseudonym of Ludwig Müller von Hausen). It appeared in January 1920 as a part of a larger antisemitic tract
Gehiemnisse der Weisen von Zion (Charlottesburg: Auf Vorposten, 1919). dated 1919. After
The Times of London discussed the book respectfully in May 1920 it became a bestseller. "The
House of Hohenzollern helped defray the publication costs, and Kaiser Wilhelm, German Crown Prince had portions of the book read out aloud to dinner guests".Daniel Pipes (1997):
Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (
The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.95. ISBN 0-684-83131-7
Alfred Rosenberg's 1923 edition
Alfred Rosenberg:
Die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion und die jüdische Weltpolitik (Munich: Deutscher Volksverlag, 1923). "gave a forgery a huge boost".
English language publication
On October 27 and 28, 1919, the Philadelphia
Public Ledger (Philadelphia) published excerpts of an English language translation as the "Red Bible," deleting all references to the purported Jewish authorship and re-casting the document as a
Bolshevist manifesto.{{cite book | last = Jenkins
| first = Philip
| title = Hoods and Shirts: The Extreme Right in Pennsylvania, 1925-1950
| publisher = [UNC Press
| date = 1997
| pages = 114
| isbn = 0807823163 -->
The author of the articles was the paper's correspondent at the time,
Carl W. Ackerman, who later became the head of the journalism department at Columbia University.
On
May 8, 1920, an articleHenry Wickham Steed, "A Disturbing Pamphlet: A Call for Enquiry",
The Times,
May 8,
1920. in
The Times followed German translation and appealed for an inquiry into what it called "uncanny note of prophecy".
The first
English language edition of the
Protocols was published in 1920 in London. The full title was
The Jewish Peril. Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion; the translator has been subsequently discovered to be
George Shanks.
The most widespread English translation of the
Protocols is credited (by its anonymous editor(s)) to a British correspondent for
The Morning Post in Russia, Victor E. Marsden. That anonymous source further claims that Marsden was imprisoned by the Bolsheviks in the Peter and Paul Fortress, subsequently released, and returned to
England. Marsden, prior to his death on October 28, 1920, had allegedly translated Chapter XII of Nilus's 1905 book on the coming of the
Anti-Christ, a copy of which was at hand in the
British Museum. His name does not appear in the first United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland imprint, issued by Eyre & Spottiswoode Ltd., nor in the second, issued by
The Britons. It only first pops up in the edition issued one or two years later, in the imprint issued by the Britons Publishing Society.
In a single year 1920, five editions sold out in England. That same year in the United States of America,
Henry Ford sponsored the printing of 500,000 copies, and from 1920 to 1922 published a series of antisemitic articles, entitled The International Jew, in
The Dearborn Independent, a newspaper he owned. In 1921 Ford cited it as evidence of a Jewish threat: "The only statement I care to make about the
Protocols is that they fit in with what is going on. They are sixteen years old, and they have fitted the world situation up to this time."Max Wallace,
The American Axis St. Martin's Press, 2003 In 1927, however, Ford retracted his publication and apologized, claiming his assistants duped him. However, he later expressed his admiration for Nazi Germany.
Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration by Michael Dobbs.
The Washington Post November 30,
1998; Page A01. URL accessed
March 20 2006.
In 1934, an anonymous editor expanded the compilation with "Text and Commentary" (pages 136–141). The production of this uncredited compilation was a 300-page book, an inauthentic expanded edition of the twelfth chapter of Nilus's 1905 on the coming of the anti-Christ. It consists of substantial liftings of excerpts of articles from Ford's antisemitic periodical
The Dearborn Independent. This 1934 text circulates most widely in the English-speaking world, as well as on the internet.
The "Text and Commentary" concludes with a comment on Haim Weizman's October 6, 1920 remark at a banquet: "A beneficent protection which God has instituted in the life of the Jew is that He has dispersed him all over the world". Marsden, who was dead by then, is credited with the following assertion:"It proves that the Learned Elders exist. It proves that Dr. Weizmann knows all about them. It proves that the desire for a "National Home" in Palestine is only camouflage and an infinitesimal part of the Jew's real object. It proves that the Jews of the world have no intention of settling in Palestine or any separate country, and that their annual prayer that they may all meet "Next Year in Jerusalem" is merely a piece of their characteristic make-believe. It also demonstrates that the Jews are now a world menace, and that the Aryan races will have to domicile them permanently out of Europe."Introduction to English edition by Victor E. Marsden
This quote occurs on page 138. On the previous page, the nameless commentator has the following: "There has been recently published a volume of Theodor Herzl's
Diaries, a translation of some passages of which appeared in the
Jewish Chronicle of July 14,
1922". Accordingly, the commentary must have been written at least two years after Marsden's death.
The Times exposes a forgery, 1921
exposed the
Protocols as a forgery on August 16–18, 1921
In 1920, the history of the concepts found in the
Protocols was traced back to the works of Goedsche and Joly by
Lucien Wolf (an English Jewish journalist); was published in London in August 1921; and was similarly exposed in the series of articles in
The Times by its Constantinople reporter,
Philip Graves, who took his information from Wolf's work.
According to writer Peter Grose, Allen Dulles, who was in Constantinople developing relationships in post-
Ottoman Empire political structures, discovered 'the source' of the documentation ultimately provided to
The Times. Grose writes that
The Times extended a loan to the source, a Russian émigré who refused to be identified, with the understanding the loan would not be repaid.Peter Grose, in
Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Houghton Mifflin 1994) Colin Holmes, a lecturer in economic history of
Sheffield University, identified the émigré as Michael Raslovleff, a self-confessed antisemite, who gave the information to Graves so as not to "give a weapon of any kind to the Jews, whose friend I have never been."Leon Poliakov (1997). "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion".
Encyclopedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed.
Cecil Roth. Keter Publishing House. ISBN 965-07-0665-8ian edition of the Protocols. The snake's head is in Brazil and its tail is in Zion
In the first article of Graves' series, entitled "A Literary Forgery", the editors of
The Times wrote, "our Constantinople Correspondent presents for the first time conclusive proof that the document is in the main a clumsy plagiarism. He has forwarded us a copy of the French book from which the plagiarism is made." by Philip Graves published at
The Times, August 16–18, 1921
The New York Times reprinted the articles on
September 4, 1921.
The New York Times, September 4, 1921. Front page, Section 7 In the same year, an entire book documenting the hoax was published in the United States by Herman Bernstein. Despite this widespread and extensive debunking, the
Protocols continued to be regarded as important factual evidence by antisemites.
Arab lands, 1920s
In the 1920s, the
Protocols occasionally appeared in the Arab polemics linking Zionism and Bolshevism. The first Arabic translations were made from the French by Arab Christians. The first translation was published in
Raqib Sahyun, a periodical of the
Roman Catholic community of Jerusalem, in 1926. Another translation made by an Arab Christian appeared in Cairo in 1927 or 1928, this time as a book. The first translation by an Arab Muslim was also published in Cairo, but only in 1951.
The Bern Trial, 1934–1935
In 1934, Dr. A. Zander, a Switzerland follower of National Socialism, published a series of articles accepting the
Protocols as fact. He was sued in what has come to be known as the Berne Trial. The trial began in the Cantons of Switzerland Court of
Bern on
October 29, 1934, the plaintiffs were Dr. J. Dreyfus-Brodsky, Dr. Marcus Cohen and Dr. Marcus Ehrenpreis. On
May 19,
1935 the court, after full investigation, declared the
Protocols to be forgeries, plagiarisms, and obscene literature. Judge Walter Meyer, a Christian who had not heard of the
Protocols earlier, said in conclusion:"I hope, the time will come when nobody will be able to understand how in 1935 nearly a dozen sane and responsible men were able for two weeks to mock the intellect of the Bern court discussing the authenticity of the so-called Protocols, the very Protocols that, harmful as they have been and will be, are nothing but laughable nonsense".
A Russian emigre, anti-Bolshevik and
Anti-fascism Vladimir Burtsev, who exposed numerous Okhranka
agent provocateur in the early 1900s, served as a witness at the Berne Trial. In 1938 in Paris he published a book,
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Proved Forgery, based on his testimony.
On
November 1, 1937 the sued party of the trial applied to the Swiss Court of Appeal asking to reverse the verdict, claiming that the law, while prohibiting "obscene literature", means pornography and is inapplicable to the "Protocols". The three judges focused on purely procedural aspects of the case and decided to reverse the verdict. However, the presiding judge stated clearly that the forgery of the Protocols is not questionable and expressed regret that the law does not provide enough protection for Jews from literature of that kind. The court put the costs of both trials upon the sued party.Hadassa Ben-Itto,
The Lie That Wouldn’t Die: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, Chapter 11. This decision gave grounds for later allegations that the appeal court "confirmed authenticity of the Protocols" which is opposite to the facts.
South Africa
In an August 1934 case in
Grahamstown,
South Africa, the court imposed fines totalling South African pound1,775 (about $8,875 at the time or about $130,000 in 2005 dollars) on three men for disseminating a version of the
Protocols.
The Protocols in Nazi propaganda, 1930s-1940s
edition, published in General Government, shows a typical antisemitic caricature
The
Protocols also became a part of the Nazism propaganda effort to justify persecution of the Jews. It was made required reading for German students. In
The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry 1933–1945, Nora Levin states that "Adolf Hitler used the
Protocols as a manual in his war to exterminate the Jews":Despite conclusive proof that the
Protocols were a gross forgery, they had sensational popularity and large sales in the 1920s and 1930s. They were translated into every language of Europe and sold widely in Arab lands, the United States, and England. But it was in Germany after
World War I that they had their greatest success. There they were used to explain all of the disasters that had befallen the country: the defeat in the war, the hunger, the destructive inflation.Nora Levin,
The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry 1933–1945. Quoting from
Hitler refers to the
Protocols in
Mein Kampf:... To what extent the whole existence of this people is based on a continuous lie is shown incomparably by the
Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion, so infinitely hated by the Jews. They are based on a forgery, the
Frankfurter Zeitung moans and screams once every week: the best proof that they are authentic. the important thing is that with positively terrifying certainty they reveal the nature and activity of the Jewish people and expose their inner contexts as well as their ultimate final aims.Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf: Chapter XI: Nation and Race, Vol I, pp. 307–308.
Hitler endorsed it in his speeches from August 1921 on, and it was studied in German classrooms after Nazis came to power. At the height of World War II, the Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels proclaimed: "The Zionist Protocols are as up-to-date today as they were the day they were first published." In Norman Cohn's words, it served as the Nazis' "warrant for genocide".
Fascist Italy
While the first edition of the Protocols (1921) didn't have much success,in the wake of the growing alliance between Hitler's Germany and
Fascist Italy, the
Protocols were re-published in Italy in 1937 by
Giovanni Preziosi with an introduction by Julius Evola.
Contemporary usage and popularity
While there is continued popularity of
The Protocols in nations from South America to Asia, since the defeat of Nazi Germany and fascist
Italy in the Second World War governments or political leaders in most parts of the world have generally avoided claims that
The Protocols represent factual evidence of a real Jewish conspiracy. The exception to this is the Middle East, where a large number of
Arab and Muslim regimes and leaders have endorsed them as authentic.
Past endorsements of
The Protocols from Presidents
Gamal Abdel Nasser and
Anwar Sadat of
Egypt, one of the President Arifs of
Iraq, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia of
Saudi Arabia, and Colonel
Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya, among other political and intellectual leaders of the Arab world, are echoed by 21st century endorsements from the Grand Mufti of
Jerusalem Sheikh
Ekrima Sa'id Sabri and Hamas to the education ministry of
Saudi Arabia. at Anti-Defamation League
Middle East
As Arab-Israeli conflict spread across the Middle East in the years following its creation in 1948, many Arab governments funded new printings of the
Protocols, and taught them in their schools as historical fact. They have been accepted as such by many Islamism organizations, such as Hamas and
Islamic Jihad. Reportedly, Arabic editions issued in the Middle East were found on sale as far away as London. Exporting Arabic antisemitic publications issued in the Middle East to Britain Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (ITC CSS). October 10, 2005 There are at least nine different Arabic translations of the
Protocols and more editions than in any other language including German. The
Protocols also figure prominently in the antisemitic propaganda distributed internationally by the Arab countries and have spread to other Muslim countries, such as Pakistan, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Syria
n edition includes an "historical and contemporary investigative study" that repeats the
blood libel against Jews among other antisemitic accusations, and argues that the
Torah and
Talmud encourage Jews "to commit treason and to conspire, dominate, be arrogant and exploit other countries". ITC CSS
The
Protocols is a best-seller in Syria
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a Syrian best-seller at ITC CSS. April 20, 2005 and, together with other antisemitic materials published there, is distributed throughout the Arab world. UNISPAL. Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and All Forms of Discrimination. Question of Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Any Part of the World. Written statement submitted by the Association for World Education. 10 February 2004In 1997, the two-volume 8th edition of the
Protocols, translated and edited by 'Ajaj Nuwayhid, was published by
Mustafa Tlass's publishing house and exhibited and sold at the Damascus International Book Fair (IBF) and at the Cairo IBF. At the 2005 Cairo IBF a stand of the Syrian publisher displayed a new, 2005 edition of the
Protocols authorized by the Syrian Ministry of Information. A new 2005 Syrian edition of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion at ITC CSS. February 28, 2005 Syria unveils updated antisemitic work. Damascus releases updated 'Protocols' book filled with canards about 'treacherous' Zionists by Aaron Klein at WorldNetDaily. March 9, 2005 In Syria government-controlled television channels occasionally broadcast mini-series concerning the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, along with several other anti-semitic themes. Al-Shatat: The Syrian-Produced Ramadan 2003 TV Special
Egypt
During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt was the main source of internationally distributed antisemitic propaganda. In 1960, the
Protocols were featured in an article published by Salah Dasuqi, military governor of Cairo, in
al-Majallaaa, the official cultural journal. In 1965, the Egyptian government released an English-language pamphlet titled
Israel, the Enemy of Africa and distributed it throughout the English-speaking countries of Africa. The pamphlet used the
Protocols and
The International Jew as its sources and concluded that all the Jews were cheats, thieves, and murderers.
In a foreword to a translation of
Shimon Peres' book
The New Middle East, the Egyptian state-owned publisher al-Ahram editorialized in 1995:'When
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion were discovered, some 200 years ago, and translated in various languages, including Arabic, the World Zionist Organization attempted to deny the existence of the plot, and claimed forgery. The Zionists even endeavoured to purchase all the existing copies, in order to prevent their circulation. But today,
Shimon Peres proves unequivocally that the
Protocols are authentic, and that they tell the truth.'
An article in the Egyptian state-owned newspaper
al-Akhbar on February 3, 2002 stated:All the evils that currently affect the world are the doings of Zionism. This is not surprising, because the
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which were established by their wise men more than a century ago, are proceeding according to a meticulous and precise plan and time schedule, and they are proof that even though they are a minority, their goal is to rule the world and the entire human race."
In October 2002, a private Egyptian television company Dream TV produced a 41-part "historical drama"
A Knight Without a Horse (
Fars Bela Gewad), largely based on the
Protocols, Plot summary at the
Anti-Defamation League which ran on 17 Arabic language
satellite television channels, including government-owned Egypt Television (ETV), for a month, causing concerns in the West. Egypt: U.S. Concerns Regarding Proposed Antisemitic Mini-Series Office of the Spokesman at the U.S. State Department Egypt's Information Minister Safwat El-Sherif announced that the series "contains no antisemitic material". Protocols, politics and Palestine at
al-Ahram WeeklyOn
November 17, 2003, an Egyptian weekly
al-Usbu‘ reported that the manuscript museum at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, displayed the first Arabic translation of the
Protocols at the section of the holy books of Judaism, next to a Torah scroll. The museum's director Dr.
Youssef Ziedan was quoted as saying in an interview:"...it has become one of the sacred of the Jews, next to their first constitution, their religious law ... more important to the Zionist Jews of the world than the Torah, because they conduct Zionist life according to it ... It is only natural to place the book in the framework of an exhibit of Torah." Jewish Holy Books On Display at the Alexandria Library: The Torah & the 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion' December 3, 2003It also quoted him as saying that no more than one million Jews were killed by the Nazis, but Zionists manipulated the "knowledge that has reached the world". See also:- Holocaust denial.
Dr.
Youssef Ziedan strongly denies these quotes, accusing
al-Usbu‘ of attributing "fabricated, groundless lies" to him and stating that "the Protocols is a racist, silly, fabricated book":
"The story began with an art
For the 2005 documentary film by Marc Levin, see Protocols of Zion (film)
's portrayal of Baphomet image
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (, see also
#Title) is an antisemitic
plagiarism and
literary forgery first published in
1903 in Russian language, in
Znamya (newspaper); it alleges a
Jewish and Freemasonryic Conspiracy (political) to achieve world domination.
It is one of the best known and discussed examples of literary forgery, and a
hoax . It was published again in 1905 as a final chapter 12 by
Serge Nilus in the second edition of his semiautographical book, Velikoe v malom, a text about the coming of the Antichrist.
"The Protocols" (the briefest title by which the text is known) is widely considered to be the beginning of contemporary
conspiracy theory literature,Svetlana Boym, "Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and The Protocols of Zion":
Comparative Literature, Spring 1999. and takes the form of a speech describing how to dominate the world, the need to control the media, finance, replace traditional social order, etc.
The text was popularized by those opposed to Russian revolutionary movement, and was disseminated further after the Russian Revolution of 1905, becoming known worldwide after the 1917 October Revolution. It was widely circulated in the
Western world in 1920 and thereafter. The
Great Depression and the rise of
Nazism were important developments in the history of the
Protocols, and the hoax continued to be published and circulated despite its debunking.
Title
The text is alternatively known in English as
Protocols of the wise men of Zion,
Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion,
Protocols of the meetings of the learned elders of Zion,
Protocols of the Meetings of the Zionist Men of Wisdom,
Protocols of the Sages of Zion,
Protocols of Zion,
The Jewish Peril,
The Protocols and World Revolution, and
Praemonitus Praemunitus. The variation in title derives partly from the fact that the book has two titles in Russian - (
Sionskiye protokoly, lit. "Protocols of Zion") and (
Protokoly sionskih mudretsov, lit. "Protocols of the Sages of Zion") - and partly due to the different translations of the Russian word (
mudrets, a wise man or a sage).
The variation in title also derives from the fact that various (often anonymous) compilers or editors give it a different main title (as distinct from a subtitle), as well as the interest of these to advertise or suit their particular antisemitic agenda, and the fact that the text, which consists roughly of no more than 2 or 3 dozen paragraphs is only sufficient for a pamphlet, and it becomes a book by expansion with prefaces, introductions, addenda, etc.
For example, the first American English language edition, published in Boston, Massachusetts in 1920 by Small, Maynard & Company, has the following full title:
The Protocols and World Revolution Including a Translation and Analysis of the "Protocols of the Meetings of the Zionist Men of Wisdom". Only pages 11 through 73 contain the so-called
Protocols. The word "
Zion" in this edition has not been used; rather, the word "
Zionist" is used. This contrasts to a similar practice of the prior Russian editions. For example, in 1905
Sergei Nilus's book on the imminent arrival of the
anti-Christ The Big within the Small, the
Protocols constituted the final twelfth chapter.
Origins and content
Maurice Joly
Elements of the text in the
Protocols have been conclusively established as
plagiarize from the 1864 book,
The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu (
Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu), written by the French satirist Maurice Joly. Joly's work attacks the political ambitions of Napoleon III using Machiavelli as a diabolical plotter in Hell as a stand-in for Napoleon's views. Joly himself appears to have borrowed material from a popular novel by Eugène Sue,
The Mysteries of the People, in which the plotters were Society of Jesus. Jews do not appear in either work. Since it was illegal to criticize the monarchy, Joly had the pamphlet printed in Belgium, then tried to smuggle it back into France. The police confiscated as many copies as they could, and it was banned. After it was traced to Joly, he was tried on April 25,
1865, and sentenced to fifteen months in prison. Joly committed suicide in 1878.
Hermann Goedsche
Hermann Goedsche's 1868 novel,
Biarritz (in English as
To Sedan) contributed another idea that may have inspired the scribe behind the Protocols. In the chapter, “The Jewish Cemetery in Prague and the Council of Representatives of the Twelve Tribes of Israel”, Goedsche wrote about a nocturnal meeting between members of a mysterious rabbinical cabal, describing how at midnight, the Devil appears before those who have gathered on behalf of the
Twelve Tribes of Israel to plan a “Jewish conspiracy”. His depiction is also similar to the scene in Alexandre Dumas, père's
Joseph Balsamo, where Cagliostro and company plot the affair of the diamond necklace. With
Biarritz appearing at about the same time as
The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, it is possible that Goedsche was inspired by the ideas in Joly's pamphlet, especially in detailing the outcome of the cabal's secret meeting.This material was originally exposed by Philip Graves in “The Source of
The Protocols of Zion” published in
The Times, 16 August, 17 August, and 18 August 1921, and the exposure has since been expanded in many sources.
Goedsche, a reactionary to the
revolutions of 1848, lost his job in the Kingdom of Prussia postal service after forging evidence to implicate democratic leader
Benedict Waldeck of conspiring against the king. Following his dismissal, Goedsche began a career as a monarchist columnist, while also producing literary work under the pen name Sir John Retcliffe.Norman Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elder of Zion (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1966) 32–36. Goedsche was allegedly a spy for the
Kingdom of Prussia Secret Police.
In 1871, the story was being presented in France as serious history. In 1872, the “The Jewish Cemetery in Prague”, translated into Russian, appeared in St. Petersburg as a separate pamphlet of purported non-fiction.
François Bournand, in his
Les Juifs et nos contemporains (1896), reproduced a speech from the chapter as that of a Chief Rabbi “John Readclif” .
Structure and themes
The twenty-four Protocols are posited as instructions to a new Elder, outlining how the group will control the world. The Elders want to trick all "gentile nations", whom they call "
goyim", into doing their will. Their preferred methods include:
{], Annihilation of the privileges of the non-Jewish aristocracy, among other topics.|-| 2, 9, 12| The propagation of ideas of all possible complexions with the task of undermining established forms of order, including Darwinism,
Marxism,
Friedrich Nietzsche, Liberalism, Socialism,
Communism,
Anarchism, and
Utopianism|-| 5| [World governments|-| 10| Staging catastrophes against one's own people, then claiming a moral high ground for leverage|-| 11| [Universal suffrage with the excuse of defeating the enemies of peace|-| 13| Creating the impression of the existence of [freedom of press,
freedom of speech, democracy and
human rights, all of which are subsequently undermined and become mere illusions or deceptive smokescreens behind which actual oppression lies]|-| 16| The destruction of Christianity, other religions and cultures, followed by a transitional stage of atheism, followed finally by the hegemony of Judaism]|-| 21| Economic depressions], creating national bankruptcy, destroying
Money Markets and replacing them with government credit institutions]|-|25| Training of the king, direct heirs, irreproachability of exterior morality of the King of the Jews|}
Control of the media and finance would replace the traditional sources of
social order with one based on mass manipulation and state engineered propaganda, where powerful elites and institutions conspire to conceal unpalatable truths from the masses. In these respects, the Protocols draws on long-standing criticisms of modernity, Extremism and capitalism, but presents them as part of an orchestrated plot, rather than as a product of impersonal historical processes.
The text assumes that the reader already believes that the Freemasons are a secret society with a hidden political agenda, and the
Protocols purports to demonstrate that this hidden agenda is itself controlled or guided by the 'Elders', a sort of conspiracy theory within a conspiracy theory. In the
Protocols, Freemasons and "liberal thinkers" are shown to be mere tools that the Elders will eventually replace with a Jewish
theocracy. The
Protocols describes a forthcoming "kingdom" and goes into great lengths about how it will be run. Yet even in this kingdom the Elders will avoid direct political control, preferring to assert themselves via usury and manipulation of money. Even the "King of the Jews" himself will be nothing more than a
Figurehead (metaphor).
Comparison to the
Dialogues
The
Protocols 1–19 closely follow the order of
The Dialogues in Hell 1–17, with a few exceptions. In some places, plagiarism is incontrovertible:{] deity,
Vishnu, which appears exactly twice in both the
Dialogues in Hell and the
Protocols:{]ic citations that would be expected in it, textual references to the "
King of the Jews", the semi-messianic idea that carries strong connotations of
Jesus, further suggest the author was not well-versed in Jewish culture, as this term has been avoided in the Judaic tradition since the Schisms among the Jews#Break-offs: Samaritans and Christians between
Judaism and
Christianity.See
INRI,
Jewish Messiah,
Judaism's view of Jesus.
Once
Philip Graves'
Times article showed the extent of the similarity between the two texts, it became clear that the
Protocols was not an authentic document.
Conspiracy references
The idea that the Freemasons formed part of an anti-Christian conspiracy, either separate from or in association with Jews, long predated the spreading of The Protocols. In the late 18th-early 19th centuries, Freemasonry was popular (as were many fraternal organizations), and its most significant opponent, the Roman Catholicism, opposed its open support for
freedom of religion and age of Enlightenment.
After some interaction with masons, a Scottish natural philosopher John Robison (Scotland) became an enthusiastic conspiracy theorist and expanded on his impressions in his 1797 pamphlet
Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe, carried on in the secret meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies. He did not take into account that French masons were members of several mutually hostile factions and that many of them were executed by their rivals. Robison's work does not mention Jews.
Jesuit catholic priest
Augustin Barruél had some contact with Robison, but extended the notion to include Jews. He had accused the Jews of founding the Illuminati#The Bavarian Illuminati.
According to Daniel Pipes,"The great importance of the
Protocols lies in its permitting antisemites to reach beyond their traditional circles and find a large international audience, a process that continues to this day. The forgery poisoned public life wherever it appeared; it was "self-generating; a blueprint that migrated from one conspiracy to another."
Umberto Eco,
Foucault's Pendulum (London: Picador, 1990), p.490 The book's vagueness — almost no names, dates, or issues are specified — has been one key to this wide-ranging success. The purportedly Jewish authorship also helps to make the book more convincing. Its embrace of contradiction — that to advance, Jews use all tools available, including capitalism and communism, philo-Semitism and antisemitism, democracy and tyranny — made it possible for the Protocols
to reach out to all: rich and poor, Right and Left, Christian and Muslim, American and Japanese."Daniel Pipes (1997): Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From
(The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.85. ISBN 0-684-83131-7Pipes notes that the Protocols
emphasizes recurring themes of conspiratorial antisemitism: "Jews always scheme", "Jews are everywhere", "Jews are behind every institution", "Jews obey a central authority, the shadowy 'Elders'", and "Jews are close to success."Daniel Pipes (1997): Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From
(The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.86–87. ISBN 0-684-83131-7The Protocols is widely considered influential in the development of other conspiracy theories, and reappears repeatedly in contemporary conspiracy literature, such as Jim Marrs's
Rule by Secrecy. Some recent editions proclaim that the "Jews" depicted in the Protocols are a cover identity for other conspirators such as the
Illuminati, Freemasons, the Priory of Sion, or even, in the opinion of David Icke, "extra-dimensional entities." Other groups that believe in the authenticity of the Protocols have claimed that the book does not depict the way that Jews think and act, but only those belonging to an alleged secret elite group of
Zionism, and that the "Elders" were not Rabbis, but secular Zionist leaders.
Historical publications, usage, and investigations
Emergence in Russia
The chapter "In the Jewish Cemetery in Prague" from Goedsche's
Biarritz, with its strong anti-semitic theme containing the alleged rabbinical plot against the European civilization, was translated into
Russian language as a separate pamphlet in 1872.Segel, Binjamin W.
A Lie and a Libel: The History of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (translated and edited by
Richard S. Levy),p. 97 (1996, originally published in 1926), University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9245-7.
In 1921 Princess
Catherine Radziwill gave a private lecture in New York. She claimed that Protocols were compiled in 1904-1905 by Russian journalists Matvei Golovinski and Manasevich-Manuilov at the direction of
Pyotr Rachkovsky, Chief of the Russian secret service in Paris PRINCESS RADZIWILL QUIZZED AT LECTURE. Golovinski worked together with Charles Joly (son of Maurice Joly) at
Le Figaro in Paris. This account, however, contradicts basic chronology of Protocols publication, as they were already published in 1903 in Znamya (newspaper). Catherine Radziwill was previously convicted of forging
Cecil Rhodes signature on a promissory note. She also authored numerous gossip and propaganda books. In 1935 Catherine Radziwill repeated her statement as a witness at the
Berne Trial.
In 1944 German writer Konrad Heiden identified Golovinski as an author of the
Protocols. Forging Protocols by Charles Paul Freund.
Reason Magazine, February 2000
Catherine Radziwill account was supported by Russian historian Mikhail Lepekhine, who published his findings in November 1999 in the French newsweekly
L'Express (France). Éric Conan. Les secrets d'une manipulation antisémite L’Express, 16/11/1999.. Lepekhine considers the
Protocols a part of a scheme to persuade Tsar
Nicholas II of Russia that the modernization of Russia was really a Jewish plot to control the world.
A
Ukrainians scholar
Vadim Skuratovsky offers extensive literary, historical and linguistic analysis of the original text of the
Protocols and traces the influences of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's prose (in particular,
The Grand Inquisitor and
The Possessed (novel)) on Golovinski's writings, including the Protocols.Vadim Skuratovsky:
The Question of the Authorship of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion". (Judaica Institute, Kiev, 2001) ISBN 966-7273-12-1
Italian scholar Cesare G. De Michelis in his book
The Non-Existent Manuscript studies early Russian publications of the
Protocols.
The
Protocols were first mentioned in the Russian press on April 1902, by the Saint Petersburg newspaper,
Novoye Vremya ( -
The New Times). The article was written by a famous conservative publicist Mikhail Menshikov as a part of his regular series "Letters to Neighbors" () and was entitled "Plots against Humanity." The author described his meeting with a lady (Yuliana Glinka, as it is known now) who, after telling him about her mystical revelations, implored him to get familiar with the documents later known as the
Protocols; but after reading some excerpts Menshikov became quite skeptical about their origin and did not publish them. T. Karasova and D. Chernyakhovsky. Afterword to the Russian translation of Norman Cohn's
Warrant for Genocide
First printing and Nilus editions
The
Protocols are claimed to have been published at the earliest, in serialized form, from August 28 to
September 7 (
Old Style)
1903, in
Znamya (newspaper) ( -
The Banner), a Saint Petersburg daily newspaper, under
Pavel Krushevan. Krushevan had initiated the Kishinev pogrom four months earlier.
The Fraud of a Century, or a book born in hell, by Valery Kadzhaya (Retrieved Sept 2005)
The
Protocols enjoyed another wave of popularity in Russia after 1905, when
Russian Revolution of 1905 in Russia succeeded in creating a
constitution and a parliament, the
Duma. The reactionary
Union of the Russian People, known as the Black Hundreds, together with the
Okhranka, the Tsarist secret police, blamed this liberalization on the "International Jewish conspiracy," and began a program of disseminating the
Protocols as propaganda to support the wave of pogroms that swept Russia in 1903–1906 and as a tool to deflect attention from social activism. It also was of interest to Tsar
Nicholas II of Russia, who was fearful of modernization and protective of his monarchy, and he presented the growing revolutionary movement as part of a powerful world conspiracy and blamed the Jews for Russia's problems. symbols read: "Thus we shall win", "Mark of "antichrist", "
Tetragrammaton", "INRI", "
Tarot", "Great mystery"
In 1905, self-proclaimed
mysticism priest Sergei Nilus gained fame by publishing the full text of the
Protocols in
Chapter XII, the final chapter (pages 305–417), of the second edition (or third, according to some sources) of his book,
Velikoe v malom i antikhrist, which translates as "The Great within the Small: The Coming of the Anti-Christ and the Rule of Satan on Earth". He claimed it was the work of the First Zionist Congress, held in 1897 in
Basel, Switzerland. When it was pointed out that the First Zionist Congress had been open to the public and was attended by many non-Jews, Nilus changed his story, saying the Protocols were the work of the 1902–1903 meetings of the Elders, but contradicting his own prior statement that he had received his copy in 1901:
In 1901, I succeeded through an acquaintance of mine (the late Court Marshal Alexei Nikolayevich Sukotin of Chernigov) in getting a manuscript that exposed with unusual perfection and clarity the course and development of the secret Jewish Freemasonic conspiracy, which would bring this wicked world to its inevitable end. The person who gave me this manuscript guaranteed it to be a faithful translation of the original documents that were stolen by a woman from one of the highest and most influential leaders of the Freemasons at a secret meeting somewhere in France—the beloved nest of Freemasonic conspiracy.Morris Kominsky,
The Hoaxers, 1970. p. 209 ISBN 0-8283-1288-5
Nilus also may have had personal motivations for publishing them. Some have alleged that at this time he was trying to gain influence with the Royal Family. This was, it is claimed, part of a faction fight against
Papus and
Nizier Anthelme Philippe at the Tsarist court (Indeed, Papus was accused in 1920 of having forged the
Protocols to discredit Philippe).
Stolypin's fraud investigation, 1905
A subsequent secret investigation ordered by the newly appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers
Pyotr Stolypin came to conclusion that the
Protocols first appeared in
Paris in antisemitic circles around 1897–1898. P. Stolypin's attempt to resolve the Jewish question by Boris Fyodorov Even though he himself was anti-Semitic, when
Nicholas II learned of the results of this investigation, he requested: "The Protocols should be confiscated, a
good cause cannot be defended by dirty means." The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Proved Forgery by Vladimir Burtsev (Paris, 1938) p.106 (Ch.4) Despite the order, or because of the "good cause", numerous reprints proliferated.
The Russian Revolution and the spread of the Protocols, 1920s
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, factions connected to the
White movement used the
Protocols to perpetrate hatred and violence against the Jews. The idea that the
Bolshevik movement was a Jewish conspiracy for world domination, plus the fact that some top Bolsheviks, particularly
Leon Trotsky, were indeed Jews, sparked worldwide interest in the
Protocols.
German language publications
The first and "by far the most important"Daniel Pipes (1997):
Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.94. ISBN 0-684-83131-7
German language translation was by Gottfried Zur Beck (pseudonym of Ludwig Müller von Hausen). It appeared in January 1920 as a part of a larger antisemitic tract
Gehiemnisse der Weisen von Zion (Charlottesburg: Auf Vorposten, 1919). dated 1919. After
The Times of London discussed the book respectfully in May 1920 it became a bestseller. "The House of Hohenzollern helped defray the publication costs, and Kaiser
Wilhelm, German Crown Prince had portions of the book read out aloud to dinner guests".Daniel Pipes (1997):
Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (
The Free Press - Simon & Shuster) p.95. ISBN 0-684-83131-7
Alfred Rosenberg's 1923 editionAlfred Rosenberg:
Die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion und die jüdische Weltpolitik (Munich: Deutscher Volksverlag, 1923). "gave a forgery a huge boost".
English language publication
On October 27 and 28, 1919, the Philadelphia
Public Ledger (Philadelphia) published excerpts of an English language translation as the "Red Bible," deleting all references to the purported Jewish authorship and re-casting the document as a Bolshevist manifesto.{{cite book | last = Jenkins
| first = Philip
| title = Hoods and Shirts: The Extreme Right in Pennsylvania, 1925-1950
| publisher = [UNC Press
| date = 1997
| pages = 114
| isbn = 0807823163 -->
The author of the articles was the paper's
correspondent at the time,
Carl W. Ackerman, who later became the head of the journalism department at Columbia University.
On
May 8, 1920, an articleHenry Wickham Steed, "A Disturbing Pamphlet: A Call for Enquiry",
The Times,
May 8,
1920. in
The Times followed German translation and appealed for an inquiry into what it called "uncanny note of prophecy".
The first English language edition of the
Protocols was published in 1920 in
London. The full title was
The Jewish Peril. Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion; the translator has been subsequently discovered to be
George Shanks.
The most widespread English translation of the
Protocols is credited (by its anonymous editor(s)) to a British correspondent for
The Morning Post in Russia, Victor E. Marsden. That anonymous source further claims that Marsden was imprisoned by the Bolsheviks in the Peter and Paul Fortress, subsequently released, and returned to
England. Marsden, prior to his death on October 28, 1920, had allegedly translated Chapter XII of Nilus's 1905 book on the coming of the
Anti-Christ, a copy of which was at hand in the
British Museum. His name does not appear in the first
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland imprint, issued by
Eyre & Spottiswoode Ltd., nor in the second, issued by The Britons. It only first pops up in the edition issued one or two years later, in the imprint issued by the
Britons Publishing Society.
In a single year 1920, five editions sold out in England. That same year in the United States of America,
Henry Ford sponsored the printing of 500,000 copies, and from 1920 to 1922 published a series of antisemitic articles, entitled
The International Jew, in
The Dearborn Independent, a newspaper he owned. In 1921 Ford cited it as evidence of a Jewish threat: "The only statement I care to make about the
Protocols is that they fit in with what is going on. They are sixteen years old, and they have fitted the world situation up to this time."Max Wallace,
The American Axis St. Martin's Press, 2003 In 1927, however, Ford retracted his publication and apologized, claiming his assistants duped him. However, he later expressed his admiration for
Nazi Germany.
Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration by Michael Dobbs.
The Washington Post November 30,
1998; Page A01. URL accessed
March 20 2006.
In 1934, an anonymous editor expanded the compilation with "Text and Commentary" (pages 136–141). The production of this uncredited compilation was a 300-page book, an inauthentic expanded edition of the twelfth chapter of Nilus's 1905 on the coming of the anti-Christ. It consists of substantial liftings of excerpts of articles from Ford's antisemitic periodical
The Dearborn Independent. This 1934 text circulates most widely in the English-speaking world, as well as on the internet.
The "Text and Commentary" concludes with a comment on
Haim Weizman's October 6,
1920 remark at a banquet: "A beneficent protection which God has instituted in the life of the Jew is that He has dispersed him all over the world". Marsden, who was dead by then, is credited with the following assertion:"It proves that the Learned Elders exist. It proves that Dr. Weizmann knows all about them. It proves that the desire for a "National Home" in Palestine is only camouflage and an infinitesimal part of the Jew's real object. It proves that the Jews of the world have no intention of settling in Palestine or any separate country, and that their annual prayer that they may all meet "Next Year in Jerusalem" is merely a piece of their characteristic make-believe. It also demonstrates that the Jews are now a world menace, and that the Aryan races will have to domicile them permanently out of Europe."Introduction to English edition by Victor E. Marsden
This quote occurs on page 138. On the previous page, the nameless commentator has the following: "There has been recently published a volume of
Theodor Herzl's
Diaries, a translation of some passages of which appeared in the
Jewish Chronicle of
July 14, 1922". Accordingly, the commentary must have been written at least two years after Marsden's death.
The Times exposes a forgery, 1921
exposed the
Protocols as a forgery on August 16–18, 1921
In 1920, the history of the concepts found in the
Protocols was traced back to the works of Goedsche and Joly by
Lucien Wolf (an English Jewish journalist); was published in London in August 1921; and was similarly exposed in the series of articles in
The Times by its
Constantinople reporter, Philip Graves, who took his information from Wolf's work.
According to writer Peter Grose, Allen Dulles, who was in Constantinople developing relationships in post-
Ottoman Empire political structures, discovered 'the source' of the documentation ultimately provided to
The Times. Grose writes that
The Times extended a loan to the source, a Russian émigré who refused to be identified, with the understanding the loan would not be repaid.Peter Grose, in
Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Houghton Mifflin 1994) Colin Holmes, a lecturer in economic history of
Sheffield University, identified the émigré as Michael Raslovleff, a self-confessed antisemite, who gave the information to Graves so as not to "give a weapon of any kind to the Jews, whose friend I have never been."
Leon Poliakov (1997). "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion".
Encyclopedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed.
Cecil Roth. Keter Publishing House. ISBN 965-07-0665-8ian edition of the Protocols. The snake's head is in Brazil and its tail is in
ZionIn the first article of Graves' series, entitled "A Literary Forgery", the editors of
The Times wrote, "our Constantinople Correspondent presents for the first time conclusive proof that the document is in the main a clumsy plagiarism. He has forwarded us a copy of the French book from which the plagiarism is made." by Philip Graves published at
The Times, August 16–18, 1921
The New York Times reprinted the articles on
September 4, 1921.
The New York Times,
September 4,
1921. Front page, Section 7 In the same year, an entire book documenting the hoax was published in the United States by
Herman Bernstein. Despite this widespread and extensive debunking, the
Protocols continued to be regarded as important factual evidence by antisemites.
Arab lands, 1920s
In the 1920s, the
Protocols occasionally appeared in the Arab polemics linking Zionism and
Bolshevism. The first Arabic translations were made from the French by Arab Christians. The first translation was published in
Raqib Sahyun, a periodical of the Roman Catholic community of
Jerusalem, in 1926. Another translation made by an Arab Christian appeared in Cairo in 1927 or 1928, this time as a book. The first translation by an Arab Muslim was also published in Cairo, but only in 1951.
The Bern Trial, 1934–1935
In 1934, Dr. A. Zander, a
Switzerland follower of National Socialism, published a series of articles accepting the
Protocols as fact. He was sued in what has come to be known as the Berne Trial. The trial began in the
Cantons of Switzerland Court of Bern on October 29, 1934, the plaintiffs were Dr. J. Dreyfus-Brodsky, Dr. Marcus Cohen and Dr. Marcus Ehrenpreis. On
May 19, 1935 the court, after full investigation, declared the
Protocols to be forgeries, plagiarisms, and obscene literature. Judge Walter Meyer, a Christian who had not heard of the
Protocols earlier, said in conclusion:"I hope, the time will come when nobody will be able to understand how in 1935 nearly a dozen sane and responsible men were able for two weeks to mock the intellect of the Bern court discussing the authenticity of the so-called Protocols, the very Protocols that, harmful as they have been and will be, are nothing but laughable nonsense".
A Russian emigre, anti-Bolshevik and
Anti-fascism Vladimir Burtsev, who exposed numerous Okhranka
agent provocateur in the early 1900s, served as a witness at the Berne Trial. In 1938 in Paris he published a book,
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Proved Forgery, based on his testimony.
On November 1,
1937 the sued party of the trial applied to the Swiss Court of Appeal asking to reverse the verdict, claiming that the law, while prohibiting "obscene literature", means pornography and is inapplicable to the "Protocols". The three judges focused on purely procedural aspects of the case and decided to reverse the verdict. However, the presiding judge stated clearly that the forgery of the Protocols is not questionable and expressed regret that the law does not provide enough protection for Jews from literature of that kind. The court put the costs of both trials upon the sued party.Hadassa Ben-Itto,
The Lie That Wouldn’t Die: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, Chapter 11. This decision gave grounds for later allegations that the appeal court "confirmed authenticity of the Protocols" which is opposite to the facts.
South Africa
In an August 1934 case in Grahamstown,
South Africa, the court imposed fines totalling South African pound1,775 (about $8,875 at the time or about $130,000 in 2005 dollars) on three men for disseminating a version of the
Protocols.
The Protocols in Nazi propaganda, 1930s-1940s
edition, published in
General Government, shows a typical antisemitic caricature
The
Protocols also became a part of the Nazism propaganda effort to justify persecution of the Jews. It was made required reading for German students. In
The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry 1933–1945, Nora Levin states that "Adolf Hitler used the
Protocols as a manual in his war to exterminate the Jews":Despite conclusive proof that the
Protocols were a gross forgery, they had sensational popularity and large sales in the 1920s and 1930s. They were translated into every language of Europe and sold widely in Arab lands, the United States, and England. But it was in Germany after World War I that they had their greatest success. There they were used to explain all of the disasters that had befallen the country: the defeat in the war, the hunger, the destructive inflation.Nora Levin,
The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry 1933–1945. Quoting from
Hitler refers to the
Protocols in
Mein Kampf:... To what extent the whole existence of this people is based on a continuous lie is shown incomparably by the
Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion, so infinitely hated by the Jews. They are based on a forgery, the
Frankfurter Zeitung moans and screams once every week: the best proof that they are authentic. the important thing is that with positively terrifying certainty they reveal the nature and activity of the Jewish people and expose their inner contexts as well as their ultimate final aims.Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf: Chapter XI: Nation and Race, Vol I, pp. 307–308.
Hitler endorsed it in his speeches from August 1921 on, and it was studied in German classrooms after Nazis came to power. At the height of World War II, the Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels proclaimed: "The Zionist Protocols are as up-to-date today as they were the day they were first published." In Norman Cohn's words, it served as the Nazis' "warrant for genocide".
Fascist Italy
While the first edition of the Protocols (1921) didn't have much success,in the wake of the growing alliance between Hitler's Germany and Fascist Italy, the
Protocols were re-published in
Italy in 1937 by
Giovanni Preziosi with an introduction by
Julius Evola.
Contemporary usage and popularity
While there is continued popularity of
The Protocols in nations from South America to Asia, since the defeat of
Nazi Germany and fascist Italy in the Second World War governments or political leaders in most parts of the world have generally avoided claims that
The Protocols represent factual evidence of a real Jewish conspiracy. The exception to this is the
Middle East, where a large number of Arab and Muslim regimes and leaders have endorsed them as authentic.
Past endorsements of
The Protocols from Presidents
Gamal Abdel Nasser and
Anwar Sadat of
Egypt, one of the President Arifs of Iraq, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia of
Saudi Arabia, and Colonel
Muammar al-Gaddafi of
Libya, among other political and intellectual leaders of the Arab world, are echoed by 21st century endorsements from the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Sheikh Ekrima Sa'id Sabri and
Hamas to the education ministry of Saudi Arabia. at
Anti-Defamation League
Middle East
As
Arab-Israeli conflict spread across the Middle East in the years following its creation in 1948, many
Arab governments funded new printings of the
Protocols, and taught them in their schools as historical fact. They have been accepted as such by many
Islamism organizations, such as
Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Reportedly, Arabic editions issued in the Middle East were found on sale as far away as London. Exporting Arabic antisemitic publications issued in the Middle East to Britain Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (ITC CSS). October 10, 2005 There are at least nine different Arabic translations of the
Protocols and more editions than in any other language including German. The
Protocols also figure prominently in the antisemitic propaganda distributed internationally by the Arab countries and have spread to other Muslim countries, such as
Pakistan,
Malaysia, and Indonesia.
Syria
n edition includes an "historical and contemporary investigative study" that repeats the
blood libel against Jews among other antisemitic accusations, and argues that the
Torah and Talmud encourage Jews "to commit treason and to conspire, dominate, be arrogant and exploit other countries". ITC CSS
The
Protocols is a best-seller in Syria
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a Syrian best-seller at ITC CSS. April 20, 2005 and, together with other antisemitic materials published there, is distributed throughout the Arab world. UNISPAL. Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and All Forms of Discrimination. Question of Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Any Part of the World. Written statement submitted by the Association for World Education. 10 February 2004In 1997, the two-volume 8th edition of the
Protocols, translated and edited by 'Ajaj Nuwayhid, was published by Mustafa Tlass's publishing house and exhibited and sold at the Damascus International Book Fair (IBF) and at the Cairo IBF. At the 2005 Cairo IBF a stand of the Syrian publisher displayed a new, 2005 edition of the
Protocols authorized by the Syrian Ministry of Information. A new 2005 Syrian edition of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion at ITC CSS. February 28, 2005 Syria unveils updated antisemitic work. Damascus releases updated 'Protocols' book filled with canards about 'treacherous' Zionists by Aaron Klein at WorldNetDaily. March 9, 2005 In Syria government-controlled television channels occasionally broadcast mini-series concerning the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, along with several other anti-semitic themes. Al-Shatat: The Syrian-Produced Ramadan 2003 TV Special
Egypt
During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt was the main source of internationally distributed antisemitic propaganda. In 1960, the
Protocols were featured in an article published by Salah Dasuqi, military governor of Cairo, in
al-Majallaaa, the official cultural journal. In 1965, the Egyptian government released an English-language pamphlet titled
Israel, the Enemy of Africa and distributed it throughout the English-speaking countries of
Africa. The pamphlet used the
Protocols and
The International Jew as its sources and concluded that all the Jews were cheats, thieves, and murderers.
In a foreword to a translation of
Shimon Peres' book
The New Middle East, the Egyptian state-owned publisher
al-Ahram editorialized in 1995:'When
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion were discovered, some 200 years ago, and translated in various languages, including Arabic, the
World Zionist Organization attempted to deny the existence of the plot, and claimed forgery. The Zionists even endeavoured to purchase all the existing copies, in order to prevent their circulation. But today,
Shimon Peres proves unequivocally that the
Protocols are authentic, and that they tell the truth.'
An article in the Egyptian state-owned newspaper
al-Akhbar on
February 3, 2002 stated:All the evils that currently affect the world are the doings of Zionism. This is not surprising, because the
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which were established by their wise men more than a century ago, are proceeding according to a meticulous and precise plan and time schedule, and they are proof that even though they are a minority, their goal is to rule the world and the entire human race."
In October 2002, a private Egyptian television company Dream TV produced a 41-part "historical drama"
A Knight Without a Horse (
Fars Bela Gewad), largely based on the
Protocols, Plot summary at the Anti-Defamation League which ran on 17 Arabic language satellite television channels, including government-owned Egypt Television (ETV), for a month, causing concerns in the West. Egypt: U.S. Concerns Regarding Proposed Antisemitic Mini-Series Office of the Spokesman at the U.S. State Department Egypt's Information Minister Safwat El-Sherif announced that the series "contains no antisemitic material". Protocols, politics and Palestine at
al-Ahram WeeklyOn
November 17,
2003, an Egyptian weekly
al-Usbu‘ reported that the manuscript museum at the
Bibliotheca Alexandrina, displayed the first Arabic translation of the
Protocols at the section of the holy books of Judaism, next to a Torah scroll. The museum's director Dr. Youssef Ziedan was quoted as saying in an interview:"...it has become one of the sacred of the Jews, next to their first constitution, their religious law ... more important to the Zionist Jews of the world than the Torah, because they conduct Zionist life according to it ... It is only natural to place the book in the framework of an exhibit of Torah." Jewish Holy Books On Display at the Alexandria Library: The Torah & the 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion' December 3, 2003It also quoted him as saying that no more than one million Jews were killed by the Nazis, but Zionists manipulated the "knowledge that has reached the world". See also:- Holocaust denial.
Dr.
Youssef Ziedan strongly denies these quotes, accusing
al-Usbu‘ of attributing "fabricated, groundless lies" to him and stating that "the Protocols is a racist, silly, fabricated book":
"The story began with an art
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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